What are the programming languages?

?What are the programming languages

To learn programming you first have to know what programming languages are

Here are some general information about programming languages I wish you interest

In the performance of any of its work, the computer follows a set of serial and interrelated instructions called the program, and is called the one who writes these instructions to the programmer. The syntax of the sentences and instructions depends on the programming language used, and the person communicates with the computer to direct him to do the work he wants

1 Machine language:

It is the only language the computer understands. All languages ​​are switched to machine language, so that the computer equipment can understand them, because it consists of zero and one. Language is difficult because it requires the preservation and accuracy in writing a long series of zero and one in a particular order, resulting in many errors of coding, and the programmer must determine everything, every step must be executed by the program should be symbolized, so the programmer should be aware Installation of the internal computer, and digital devices for storage sites, whether for data or instructions, and that Each machine has a machine language that is different from the other by type and composition, which means that the program must be written completely again for the desire to execute it on another machine. As a result of these difficulties, other methods of encoding binary, such as the octal system and the hexadecimal HEX-ADECIMAL 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 AB, C, D, E, F.

Which makes it easier to read and save written instructions in this language. Instead of writing 16 numbers in a string, they can be replaced by four hexadecimal codes.

2 Language of collection:

Assembly language has emerged as a coding language, using symbols SYMBOLIC CODE to express machine language instructions, to meet the difficulty of coding in machine language, and the language of assembly language close to the machine language understood by the computer, these languages ​​are called in simple-language languages.

Using abbreviations and symbols that are easy to memorize and write for each instruction of machine language instruction, assembly language as in the language of the machine is designed to work on a particular computer, thus providing a greater ability to better utilize computer and CPU resources. ASSEMBLER 

translates the written program The compiler into machine language.

3 Higher Languages:

This is called the name because the programmer can write the program without knowing the details of how the computer performs these operations, such as storage locations, precise machine details, and high-level language expressions are very similar to the natural language used by humans to connect and communicate with others.

In addition to the above, it is characteristic of the higher languages ​​that distinguish them from simple level languages. We can execute the program written in a high-level language, such as Fortran, Cobol or Bisk on more than one device, and more than one language can be used on a computer. Also, debugging and debugging is easier because it is easy to read, track, and understand programs.

The languages ​​are called KALCOPOL, FORTRAN, and BASIC in upper-language PROCEDURE-ORIENTED LANGUAGES, the languages ​​in which the programmer gives instructions step by step.

The program is written in high-level languages ​​in three stages before it is ready for implementation.

TRANSLATION: Converting a program written in high-level language into machine language.

LINKING: Link library routines located in the library, and the necessary instructions in the program.

3 LOADING: The program loads the target code, office routines, and instructions on the main memory for implementation.

Languages ​​are classified according to their strengths into business languages, scientific language or beginners languages ​​and nowadays, most languages ​​can be used efficiently in the application of all kinds of applications, and the most famous languages ​​of the high level:

COBOL:

COBOL is an abbreviation for Common Business Oriented Language. This language was developed and designed by a committee of computer systems manufacturers and developers in 1960 called CODASYL for the Conference of Data System Languages.

ANSI has developed a standard version of COBOL, a Cobol interpreter that conforms to the Institute's standards. In 1968 it was named ANSI * 1968, followed by ANSI 1974 and ANSI 80.

Cobol is widely used worldwide, used in banks and in government organizations, and is used on large computers or on personal computers.

Cobol has the ability to handle files, so it is known as a business language.

FORTRAN:

The language of FORTRAN is the oldest of the high-level languages. The language was introduced in the mid-1960s. It began in 1954 with the development of a programming language that accepts a program written in a language close to the human language, turning it into executable code on the computer, And after 3 years, ie in 1957. The first interpreter of Fortran appeared.

At that time, the use of computers was almost exclusive to scientists, engineers and athletes. Naturally, this newly developed language came in line with their needs. FORTRAN has the ability to perform complex calculations and solve mathematical equations.

BASIC LANGAUGE:

BASIC is a multi-purpose language for beginners. BASIC is the basis for the same meaning. This language, because of the simplicity of its instructions and limitations, is a language suitable for learning by beginners in the world of computer and programming. In most personal computers, indicating its wide spread. This language was developed at Dartmouth College in 1963 by John Demuy and Thomas Kurtz.

Modern Basic is used in a wide range. It is used in business for its ability to deal with files, as well as in mathematical operations by scientists and engineers to possess a lot of functions to carry out such complex operations.

Pascal language:

It was named after the French sports scientist Blaise Pascal. This language was designed by the Swiss scientist Niklaus Wirth and was launched in 1971. This language has spread especially in universities. These are taught in most universities around the world for students of computer science. PASCAL is very easy to understand, very abbreviated, synthetically structured and powerful, and the use of Pointers. New versions of Pascal have emerged to avoid defects in previous versions. TurboPascal, Borland is one of the most widely used programs among beginners and program majors. This language competes with Basic language in many users for the availability of many features in it. This language is used by students and engineers, as used in the business sector.

C:

This language was developed at Bell Labs by Dennis Ritchie, a development of an old version called BCL, which appeared in 1969. So this is called C.

C is best known for using system software, which is used to write operating system software. It is a close language, very similar to the assembly language As-sembly and has great speed, has a good set of instructions, and is a language that can be transferred from one device to another for the small part to be transferred, and the language of C of Structured Language.

C programming professionals have increased their interest in C language, and improved versions of C + + C ++. Since most applications written in it .

Fourth Generation Languages: Fourth-Generation language (4GL):

It was named after the generation in which it appeared, such as the few languages ​​written by the coder to achieve a goal. It would take hundreds of lines of BASIC or thousands of Cobol languages ​​to use a few lines in these languages.

These languages ​​have several advantages:

1 It is a result oriented language, that is, the programmer is interested in ordering what he wants from the computer, without directing him how to do so.

2 increased productivity, because writing and maintaining programs is easier.

3 Easy to use, require a bit of training to use, be it programmable or otherwise.

4 The user no longer needs to think about hardware or software structure.

The fourth generation languages ​​have started to spread among programmers, and very much because these programming languages ​​offer easy handling of files, linking these files to each other for the purpose of updating or printing reports.

These languages ​​also provide a powerful platform for sharing software resources, especially files, such as Borland's Dbase, Microsoft's Foxpro, and Oracle from Ingress. SQL Structured Query Language is used for database building and updating, to her .

 What is SQL?

Structured Query Language is a set of instructions close to the natural language that directs the DBMS to do database building, update and search operations, and to create data protection rules.

The query language SQL is characterized by the following:

1 Language close to natural language.

2 You can get any data from the database. You can get full file data or some fields from a file or set of files.

3 The user cares about what he wants and does not care about how to get or where? How or Where? .

Natural Language or Fifth Generation Languages:

It means the language of the human being, ie, to find a programmed language in which we can direct the computer to do what we want, using the common expressions (print a report containing the name of the student and the class). The user has only to print the command or dictate it to the computer that meets the request.

The user can dictate the text and write it in multiple terms with the same meaning, say "Print the name and grade for all students" or "Print student name and test score for all". The students have the same meaning, and if they differ in wording, these programming languages ​​can understand The different combinations of sentences, although the dialects differed or there were linguistic errors, and if he did not understand the computer intended to ask questions for more clarity and reach the goal.

Research in the field of natural languages ​​is one of the areas examined by artificial intelligence. A. Understanding the natural language requires many experiences and relationships in linking sentences and analyzing each sentence to derive the correct meaning, and then provide the appropriate response.

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Internet languages:

HTML: a language used to create web pages.

Hypertext Morkup Language is a language that contains a set of commands that create web pages. Creating a page with the Ascii syntax on the word coordinator can be converted to a Web page by adding some Html commands.

The Html commands enable the user to perform a number of operations on web pages including:

Specifies the size and width of the text.

Create links with other documents and documents.

Create interactive forms with the page.

Provide support for multimedia such as video, audio and video.

Java is one of the languages ​​used for the Internet and web pages at www. This programming language aims to add dynamism to web pages through animated texts, interactive graphics and multimedia.

Java is developed by Sun Microsystems, similar to the C ++ language, and documents created in the Html script mark up Java programs as well as run them individually.